No, the concept of being a white person did not exist during Roman times. The Romans would not have known what it meant to be white.

But you do make a good point about how “Othering” is a general human condition of which racism is a subset.

Jesus himself talked about it in his parable of the Good Samaritan, in which he urged his Jewish neighbors to consider the reviled Samaritans as their own neighbors instead of as Others.